# Geology: general rock composition A thematic map of the Atlas of Switzerland, the national atlas published by ETH Zurich. The map is drawn in the browser; this file describes it and lists its variants and links, but not the data values shown on the map. - Map: https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/geology-general-rock-composition/ - Short title: Geology - Map id: 160 - Categories: Nature and Environment › Geology and raw materials › Geology and tectonics - Keywords: Rocks - Published: 2016-04-06 - Last revised: 2026-09-10 - Content language: English - Other languages: [Deutsch](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/de/thema/geologie-allgemeiner-aufbau-der-gesteine.md), [Français](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/fr/theme/geologie-structure-generale-des-roches.md), [Italiano](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/it/tema/geologia-struttura-generale-delle-rocce.md) ## Description On the geological map, a basic differentiation may be seen between the crystalline basement (metamorphic gneiss and schists, granite), sediments and loose rock (alluvial deposits, glacial sediments). In the crystalline rock and sediments, the rocks are summarised into groups according to similar rock type and age. ### Jura Mountains The Jura mountains have a clearly curved shape: their eastern end forms the Lägern and the south-western end of the chain is Mt. Gresse near Chambéry. The mountains were thrust toward the north-west, compressed and folded. The highest range of the Jura mountain chain is located on the side toward the Central Plateau. In many cases, individual chains, from a geological point of view, can be identified as anticlinals and arches (e.g. Moutier gorges), while the valleys often form synclinals and hollows. In these synclinals the youngest sediments are preserved; they may be seen on the geological map as narrow strips. North of the Swiss Jura mountains, tertiary sediments are found at the depth of the Rhine pit north of Basle, flanked by outcropping crystalline Vogesen and Black Forest rock. The emptying and filling of the Rhine pit and the heaving of the Vogesen and Black Forest took place approximately 30 million years ago. ### Molassic basin The molassic basin includes the Swiss Central Plateau and becomes progressively narrower from Lake Constance to Lake Geneva. The sediments (Nagelfluh and conglomerate, sandstone and marl) are alluvial deposits (erosion detritus) resulting from the development of the Alps. On the Central Plateau, the molasse strata are flat while, near the Alps, they are partially sub-vertical due to involvement in Alpine folding (so-called subalpine molasse). ### Alps The Alps are easily recognised as a WSW-ENE running chain. In the south, they are limited by the Po Plain, in the north by the molassic basin of the Central Plateau. On the northern side of the Alps runs a wide band of sedimentary rocks. In the Ticino Alps and the zone immediately to the north, crystalline rocks dominate the basement. The largest uplift occurred through the erosion resistant granites of the Mont Blanc massif, the southern part of the canton Wallis (Dent Blanche zone), the border zones between the cantons of Wallis and Bern (Aletschhorn to Finsteraarhorn) and in the southern part of the canton Graubünden (Mt. Disgrazia, Bernina). The large alpine longitudinal valleys follow narrow sediment lineaments in the crystalline rock or in the limiting region between crystalline and sedimentary rocks. This is due to the easy erodibility of the sedimentary rocks. Within the Alps, the geological map shows a complex juxtaposition of pre-Mesozoic crystalline basement (metamorphic gneiss and magmatic, principally granite rocks) and Mesozoic-Tertiary sedimentary rocks. ## Sources - Pfiffner (2004): Schweizer Weltatlas Kommentar ## Data sources - swisstopo, Landesgeologie (2010): [GeoKarten500, GeoCover](http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/de/home/swisstopo/org/geology.html) ## Data owners - [Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo)](http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/) ## Citation The terms of use ask to name the Atlas of Switzerland and the data owners, and to keep the source references in exports, screenshots and embeds. Cite the map as: > Atlas of Switzerland (2026): Geology: general rock composition. ETH Zürich. Map data © swisstopo. https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/geology-general-rock-composition/ ## Variants The map has 2 variants. Levels: spatial unit → time. The `u` value of a variant selects it in the links below. - Overview - 2010: `u=AAEAuwAA` (default) - Detail - 2010: `u=AAEAvAAA` ## Links Replace `{u}` with the `u` value of a variant above, or leave out `u={u}` for the default variant. The map opens at its full extent; a link cannot set the map position. - Map: https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/geology-general-rock-composition/?u={u} - Short link, stays valid when the title changes: https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/t/160/?u={u} - Side by side with another map: https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/comparison/?lt=160&lu={u}&rt={id of the other map}&ru={u of the other map, or leave out} Embed in another website (allowed by the terms of use, as long as the source references stay visible): ```html ``` In the embed URL, `dm` sets what is shown: `e` the map with its title bar (default), `p` also the values of an object clicked on the map, `m` only the map with a button that opens it in the atlas. `ig=1` (default) lets the map react to scrolling and dragging only after a click into it, `ig=0` right away. The size can be changed in `style`. ## Related maps - [Lithology: type of rocks](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/lithology-type-of-rocks.md) (id 165) - [Tectonics: structure of the earth crust](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/tectonics-structure-of-the-earth-crust.md) (id 161) - [Rock with karstic properties near to the surface](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/rock-with-karstic-properties-near-to-the-surface.md) (id 106) - [Man-made caves: pits, mines and tunnels](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/man-made-caves-pits-mines-and-tunnels.md) (id 114) - [Caverns and mines open to the public](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/caverns-and-mines-open-to-the-public.md) (id 112) - [Natural caves](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/natural-caves.md) (id 113, former edition, desktop atlas only) ## Maps to compare with - [Deposits of minerals and ores](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/deposits-of-minerals-and-ores.md) (id 140) - [Deposits of industrial minerals and other useful rocks](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/deposits-of-industrial-minerals-and-other-useful-rocks.md) (id 142) - [Mineral energy raw materials](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/mineral-energy-raw-materials.md) (id 141) - [Quarries: extraction of stones](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/quarries-extraction-of-stones.md) (id 191) - [Extraction of clayey rocks](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/theme/extraction-of-clayey-rocks.md) (id 193) For the use and citation of maps and data, see the [terms of use](https://atlasderschweiz.ch/en/terms-of-use/).